Countries can grant citizenship to anyone they want at any time.
For decades, Jamaican runners have competed for other countries. Ben Johnson, for example, was running for Canada when he was disgraced.
Weightlifter Naim Suleymanoglu was born in Bulgaria but competed for Turkey after Turkey paid Bulgaria a million bucks for his services.
Were ballroom to become an Olympic medal sport, you'd see a bunch of top-level dancers switching citizenships to be able to compete. Burkina Faso would probably wind up with a Lithuanian couple representing them.

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